The main action of progesterone is to prepare a woman’s uterus for pregnancy, as well as aid in the protection of the inner uterine lining (endometrium). During the pre-and perimenopausal phases, progesterone levels will often decline while estrogen levels may remain stable or even increase. In fact, many of the early symptom’s women experience are due to progesterone levels that are too low compared to their levels of estrogen. Decreased levels of progesterone may cause breast swelling and tenderness, mood swings, and weight gain.

A hormone called Estrogen regulates a woman’s menstrual period and ability to conceive. Estrogen also plays a part in controlling other body functions, including bone density and skin temperature. Often the last hormone to decline, Estrogen is traditionally the hormone associated with menopausal symptoms. As a woman approaches menopause, the ovaries slow their production of estrogen. Although the body still produces some estrogen even after menopause, the overall effect is a dramatic drop in the amount circulating in the body. Most women experience anywhere from a 30-60% drop in estrogen during menopause. Decreased levels of estrogen can produce the most well-known symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes which can cause redness or flushing of the face and neck, sweating and a rapid heart rate.

Not all symptoms of menopause are due to a decline in estrogen and progesterone alone. Declining testosterone levels can also occur well before the last menstrual period. While the symptoms of low testosterone can be more subtle than those of progesterone and estrogen, for some women they can be significant. Lower levels of testosterone can cause sleep disturbances, decreased libido or sex drive, mood swings, mental confusion, and depression. Physical changes may include reduced muscle mass, weakening of the bones, and weight gain. If left untreated, these hormone deficiencies may lead to more severe medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and breast cancer.

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